Improving Effects of Shilajit on Monosodium Glutamate Induced Testicular Changes in Male Mice
https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci4397
Keywords:
ELISA, Histological, Hormones, Monosodium glutamate, Shilajit.
Viewed = 0 time(s)
Viewed = 0 time(s)
Abstract
Several health conditions are thought to be associated with monosodium glutamate (MS.G). Nowadays, a lot of products depend on monosodium glutamate as a flavor enhancer and food additive. The usage of MS.G is still debatable, even though it has been considered a safe food additive. A delayed excitotoxic and tissue-damaging dietary additive, MS.G, can produce large quantities of free radicals that cause metabolic disturbance and damage several organs. The study aimed to investigate the impress of monosodium glutamate in the testis of mice and the significance of Shilajit (Shi) in improving the damage. Fifty male albino mice weighing between 18–22g were used in the study. The animals were randomly selected into five groups. GroupA received distilled water as a control, groupB give (2g/ kg) from (MS.G), and group C gives (2g/ kg) of (MS.G) and (100mg\ kg) of Shilajit (Shi), group D gives (4g/ kg) of (MS.G), and groupE gives (4g/ kg) of (MS.G) and (200mg/ kg) of Shilajit (Shi), orally for 2 weeks. Blood collected for hormones biochemical examination. The mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, and the testes were separated for histological study. The results showed a significant decrease in testis weight in groups B, C, and D compared to the control, while no change in group E. The results indicated, a significant decrease at the FSH and LH. While, testosterone and progesterone levels showed a decrease in groups B, C, and D, but groupE was normal. The capsule thickness showed a significantly increased in the tested groups, except group E appeared relatively normal. Numerous histological alterations in the testis were discovered by the MS.G groups, including disarray of seminiferous tubules, decreased sperms in the lumen, Hyalinization with necrosis of Leydg’s cells and destruction of intermediate connective tissue cells, increased thickness of the testis capsule. Spermatogonia cells slouching in the seminiferous tubule lumens, and destruction of sertoli cells, necrosis of spermatogonia, and macrophage infilteration in the seminiferous tubule lumen, degeneration and destruction of intermediate connective tissue cells, disorganization of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, Slouching of spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubule lumen, Congestion of blood vessels, Infilteration of inflammatory cells in the lumen of tubules. While, the E groups exhibit extremely typical seminiferous tubules, hyalinization of interstitial tissue with destruction of Leydig’s cells, normal capsule, some vacuoles or spaces between spermatocytes, virtually typical spermatogonia, few amount of sperms and relatively normal spermatocyte. In conclusion, Shilajit (Shi) acts synergistically in reducing MSG-induced testicular changes via anti-inflammatory and anti-degeneration effects.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdel-Aty D.M., Ibrahim M.A., Mohamed S.R., El-Khadragy M.F., Abdel Moneim A.E., Fathalla A.S., & Soliman D. (2025). Rutin and Moringa oleifera leaf extract prevent monosodium glutamate-induced testicular toxicity in adult male albino rats. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 9;12:1566471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1566471
Abd-Elkareem M., Abd El-Rahman M.A., Khalil N.S., & Amer A.S. 2021. Antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of Nigella sativa L. seeds on the testis of monosodium glutamate challenged rats. Scientific reports. 29;11(1):13519. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92977-4
Abdulghani, M.A., Alshehade, S.A., Kamran, S., Alshawsh, M.A. (2022). Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity. Heliyon. 1;8(10). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(22)02255-1
Acikel-Elmas, M., Algilani, S.A., Sahin, B., Bingol Ozakpinar, O., Gecim, M., Koroglu, K., Arbak, S. (2023). Apocynin ameliorates monosodium glutamate induced testis damage by impaired blood-testis barrier and oxidative stress parameters. Life. 17;13(3):822. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030822
Adeleke, D.A., Olajide, P.A., Omowumi, O.S., Okunlola, D.D., Taiwo, A.M. and Adetuyi, B.O., (2022). Effect of monosodium glutamate on the body system. World News of Natural Sciences, 44: 1-23. https://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.psjd-6370edf9-1950-4636-aad9-6b0c1b04c094
Agada, A. and Ohiagu, F. (2023). Changes in the reproductive hormone levels of male and female rats consuming monosodium glutamate and soybean extracts. World News of Natural Sciences.51:70-82. https://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.psjd-02f871eb-a94b-477d-b8a6-2be9760ee452
Alqarni, A., Hosmani, J., Meer, R.M., Alqarni, A., Alumudh, A., Perumal, E. and Karobari, M.I., (2025). The effects of Shilajit on periodontal ligament cells in wound healing: a comprehensive in vitro study. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 25(1): 98. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12906-025-04833-x
Amin, G.S. and Hamad, K.R., (2020). Effect of vitamin C against lead acetate toxicity on sperm count, sperm morphology and testis tissue in the rat before and in recovery period. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 32(3): 127-138. https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2238/1070
Baad-Hansen, L., Cairns, B.E., Ernberg, M. and Svensson, P., (2010). Effect of systemic monosodium glutamate (MSG) on headache and pericranial muscle sensitivity. Cephalalgia, 30(1):68-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01881.x
Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. and Maji, B.K., (2021). Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports. 8: 938-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009
Diniz, Y.S., Fernandes, A.A., Campos, K.E., Mani, F., Ribas, B.O. and Novelli, E.L., (2004). Toxicity of hypercaloric diet and monosodium glutamate: oxidative stress and metabolic shifting in hepatic tissue. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42(2): 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2003.09.006
Gad, F.A., Farouk, S.M., Emam, M.A. (2021). Antiapoptotic and antioxidant capacity of phytochemicals from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and their potential effects on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular damage in rat. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(2):2379-90. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-10674-7
Geha, R.S., Ren, C., Beiser, A., Patterson, R., Greenberger, P.A., Grammer, L.C., Ditto, A.M., Harris, K.E., Shaughnessy, M.A., Yarnold, P.R. and Corren, J., (2000). Review of alleged reaction to monosodium glutamate and outcome of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study. The Journal of nutrition. 130(4): 1058S-1062S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.4.1058S
Hamza, R.Z., Diab, A.E. (2020). Testicular protective and antioxidant effects of selenium nanoparticles on Monosodium glutamate-induced testicular structure alterations in male mice. Toxicology Reports. 1;7:254-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.012
Huang, Y., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Gopinath, S.C., Chen, Y. and Xiao, Y., (2021). Aptamer–17β‐estradiol–antibody sandwich ELISA for determination of gynecological endocrine function. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 68(4): 881-888. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.2008
Hussein, A.A. and Mustafa, N.G., (2024). Impact of a high-fat diet on dyslipidemia and gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors in male rats. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 38(1):133-138. https://www.vetmedmosul.com/article_181508.html
Jinap, S. and Hajeb, P., 2010. Glutamate. Its applications in food and contribution to health. Appetite, 55(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.002
Kamgar, E., Zembrzuska, J., Lorenc, W. and Kaykhaii, M., (2025a). Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements. BMC chemistry, 19(1): 95. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13065-025-01473-7
Kamgar, E., Zembrzuska, J., Zembrzuski, W. and Kaykhaii, M., (2025b). Quantifying of thallium in Shilajit and its supplements to unveil the potential risk of consumption of this popular traditional medicine. BMC chemistry, 19(1): 20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13065-025-01384-7
Karim, D.H., Mohammed, S.M. and Azeez, H.A., (2021). Impact of vitamin D3 Nanoemulsion on spermatogenesis and antioxidant enzymes in Vitamin D deficient induced albino male rats. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 33(1): 55-67. https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/1847/799
KHALEEL, H., HABA, M. (2025). HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF WHEY PROTEIN ON TESTIS OF RATS. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 71(186): 420-429. https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2025.348351.1538
Khaleel, H.K., (2019). Investigating the Histological Changes in Heart, Lung, Liver and Kidney of Male Albino Mice Treated with Ivabradine. Baghdad Science Journal, 16(3 (Suppl.)): 0719-0725. https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3579&context=home
Koohpeyma, F., Gholizadeh, F., Hafezi, H., Hajiaghayi, M., Siri, M., Allahyari, S., Maleki, M.H., Asmarian N, Bayat E, Dastghaib S. (2022). The protective effect of L-carnitine on testosterone synthesis pathway, and spermatogenesis in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. BMC complementary medicine and therapies. 22(1): 269. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12906-022-03749-0
Kotb, S.M., El-ghazouly, D.E., Ameen, O. (2020). The potential cytoprotective effect of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 56(1): 134-47. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/bafm/article/view/232070
Lopes Cortes, M., Andrade Louzado, J., Galvao Oliveira, M., Moraes Bezerra, V., Mistro, S., Souto Medeiros, D., Arruda Soares, D., Oliveira Silva, K., Nicolaevna Kochergin, C., Honorato dos Santos de Carvalho VC, Wildes Amorim W. (2021). Unhealthy food and psychological stress: The association between ultra-processed food consumption and perceived stress in working-class young adults. International journal of environmental research and public health. 7;18(8), pp:3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083863
Mountjoy, K.G., (2021). ELISA versus LUMINEX assay for measuring mouse metabolic hormones and cytokines: sharing the lessons I have learned. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 42(2): 154-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2020.1838924
Nahok, K., Phetcharaburanin, J., Li, J.V., Silsirivanit, A., Thanan, R., Boonnate, P., Joonhuathon, J., Sharma, A., Anutrakulchai, S., Selmi, C. and Cha’on, U., (2021). Monosodium glutamate induces changes in hepatic and renal metabolic profiles and gut microbiome of wistar rats. Nutrients, 13(6), p.1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061865
Nosseir, N.S., Ali, M.H., Ebaid, H.M. (2012). A histological and morphometric study of monosodium glutamate toxic effect on testicular structure and potentiality of recovery in adult albino rats. Res J Biol. 2(2):66-78. https://n9.cl/x76tn4
Ogunmokunwa, A.E, Ibitoye, B.O. (2025). Monosodium glutamate (MSG) exposure induced oxidative stress and disrupted testicular hormonal regulation, exacerbating reproductive dysfunction in male WISTAR rats. Endocrine and Metabolic Science. 1;17:100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100226
Omogbiya, A.I., Ben-Azu, B., Eduviere, A.T., Eneni, A.E.O., Nwokoye, P.O., Ajayi, A.M. and Umukoro, S., (2021). Monosodium glutamate induces memory and hepatic dysfunctions in mice: ameliorative role of Jobelyn through the augmentation of cellular antioxidant defense machineries. Toxicological Research, 37 (3): 323-335. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43188-020-00068-9
Ongaro, L., Alonso, C.A.I., Zhou, X., Brûlé, E., Li, Y., Schang, G., Parlow, A.F., Steyn, F. and Bernard, D.J., (2021). Development of a highly sensitive ELISA for measurement of FSH in serum, plasma, and whole blood in mice. Endocrinology, 162(4), p.bqab014. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqab014
Rajpoot, A., Pandey, A.K., Roy, V.K. and Mishra, R.K., (2025). Shilajit Mitigates Diabetes‐Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Mice: A Modulation in Insulin Sensitivity, Germ Cell‐Junctional Dynamics, and Oxido‐Apoptotic Status. Andrologia. (1): 5517176. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/and/5517176
Saleem, R.N. and Mohammed, S.I., (2021). Hormonal aspects of skin hyperpigmentation in healthy Kurdish primigravida women in Erbil City. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 33(5):95-104. https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/1837/781
Sharma, A. (2015). Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative kidney damage and possible mechanisms: a mini-review. Journal of biomedical science. 22: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-015-0192-5
Suvarna, K.S., Layton, C. and Bancroft, J.D., (2018). Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques E-Book. Elsevier health sciences. 126-138.
Tan, X., David, A., Day, J., Tang, H., Dixon, E.R., Zhu, H., Chen, Y.C., Khaing Oo, M.K., Shikanov, A. and Fan, X., (2018). Rapid mouse follicle stimulating hormone quantification and estrus cycle analysis using an automated microfluidic chemiluminescent ELISA system. ACS sensors, 3(11): 2327-2334. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acssensors.8b00641
Thuy, L.N., Salanta, L., Tofana, M., Socaci, S.A., Fărcaș, A.C., Pop, C.R. (2020). A mini review about monosodium glutamate. Bulletin UASVM Food Science and Technology. 77 (1): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:2019.0029
Toyama, K., Tomoe, M., Inoue, Y., Sanbe, A. and Yamamoto, S., (2008). A possible application of monosodium glutamate to nutritional care for elderly people. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(10): 1852-1854. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1852
Wang, C.X., Zhang, Y., Li, Q.F., Sun, H.L., Chong, H.L., Jiang, J.X., Li, Q.C. (2021). The reproductive toxicity of monosodium glutamate by damaging GnRH neurons cannot be relieved spontaneously over time. Drug design, development and therapy. 12: 3499-508. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S318223
Wijayasekara, K., Wansapala, J. (2017). Uses, effects and properties of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on food & nutrition. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 2(3): 132-43. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kaushalya-Wijayasekara/publication/351634601_Uses_effects_and_properties_of_monosodium_glutamate_MSG_on_food_nutrition/links/60a29dcc92851c186a62cc35/Uses-effects-and-properties-of-monosodium-glutamate-MSG-on-food-nutrition.pdf
Abd-Elkareem M., Abd El-Rahman M.A., Khalil N.S., & Amer A.S. 2021. Antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of Nigella sativa L. seeds on the testis of monosodium glutamate challenged rats. Scientific reports. 29;11(1):13519. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92977-4
Abdulghani, M.A., Alshehade, S.A., Kamran, S., Alshawsh, M.A. (2022). Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity. Heliyon. 1;8(10). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(22)02255-1
Acikel-Elmas, M., Algilani, S.A., Sahin, B., Bingol Ozakpinar, O., Gecim, M., Koroglu, K., Arbak, S. (2023). Apocynin ameliorates monosodium glutamate induced testis damage by impaired blood-testis barrier and oxidative stress parameters. Life. 17;13(3):822. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030822
Adeleke, D.A., Olajide, P.A., Omowumi, O.S., Okunlola, D.D., Taiwo, A.M. and Adetuyi, B.O., (2022). Effect of monosodium glutamate on the body system. World News of Natural Sciences, 44: 1-23. https://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.psjd-6370edf9-1950-4636-aad9-6b0c1b04c094
Agada, A. and Ohiagu, F. (2023). Changes in the reproductive hormone levels of male and female rats consuming monosodium glutamate and soybean extracts. World News of Natural Sciences.51:70-82. https://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.psjd-02f871eb-a94b-477d-b8a6-2be9760ee452
Alqarni, A., Hosmani, J., Meer, R.M., Alqarni, A., Alumudh, A., Perumal, E. and Karobari, M.I., (2025). The effects of Shilajit on periodontal ligament cells in wound healing: a comprehensive in vitro study. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 25(1): 98. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12906-025-04833-x
Amin, G.S. and Hamad, K.R., (2020). Effect of vitamin C against lead acetate toxicity on sperm count, sperm morphology and testis tissue in the rat before and in recovery period. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 32(3): 127-138. https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2238/1070
Baad-Hansen, L., Cairns, B.E., Ernberg, M. and Svensson, P., (2010). Effect of systemic monosodium glutamate (MSG) on headache and pericranial muscle sensitivity. Cephalalgia, 30(1):68-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01881.x
Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. and Maji, B.K., (2021). Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports. 8: 938-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009
Diniz, Y.S., Fernandes, A.A., Campos, K.E., Mani, F., Ribas, B.O. and Novelli, E.L., (2004). Toxicity of hypercaloric diet and monosodium glutamate: oxidative stress and metabolic shifting in hepatic tissue. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42(2): 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2003.09.006
Gad, F.A., Farouk, S.M., Emam, M.A. (2021). Antiapoptotic and antioxidant capacity of phytochemicals from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and their potential effects on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular damage in rat. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(2):2379-90. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-10674-7
Geha, R.S., Ren, C., Beiser, A., Patterson, R., Greenberger, P.A., Grammer, L.C., Ditto, A.M., Harris, K.E., Shaughnessy, M.A., Yarnold, P.R. and Corren, J., (2000). Review of alleged reaction to monosodium glutamate and outcome of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study. The Journal of nutrition. 130(4): 1058S-1062S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.4.1058S
Hamza, R.Z., Diab, A.E. (2020). Testicular protective and antioxidant effects of selenium nanoparticles on Monosodium glutamate-induced testicular structure alterations in male mice. Toxicology Reports. 1;7:254-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.012
Huang, Y., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Gopinath, S.C., Chen, Y. and Xiao, Y., (2021). Aptamer–17β‐estradiol–antibody sandwich ELISA for determination of gynecological endocrine function. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 68(4): 881-888. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.2008
Hussein, A.A. and Mustafa, N.G., (2024). Impact of a high-fat diet on dyslipidemia and gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptors in male rats. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 38(1):133-138. https://www.vetmedmosul.com/article_181508.html
Jinap, S. and Hajeb, P., 2010. Glutamate. Its applications in food and contribution to health. Appetite, 55(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.002
Kamgar, E., Zembrzuska, J., Lorenc, W. and Kaykhaii, M., (2025a). Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements. BMC chemistry, 19(1): 95. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13065-025-01473-7
Kamgar, E., Zembrzuska, J., Zembrzuski, W. and Kaykhaii, M., (2025b). Quantifying of thallium in Shilajit and its supplements to unveil the potential risk of consumption of this popular traditional medicine. BMC chemistry, 19(1): 20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13065-025-01384-7
Karim, D.H., Mohammed, S.M. and Azeez, H.A., (2021). Impact of vitamin D3 Nanoemulsion on spermatogenesis and antioxidant enzymes in Vitamin D deficient induced albino male rats. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 33(1): 55-67. https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/1847/799
KHALEEL, H., HABA, M. (2025). HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF WHEY PROTEIN ON TESTIS OF RATS. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 71(186): 420-429. https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2025.348351.1538
Khaleel, H.K., (2019). Investigating the Histological Changes in Heart, Lung, Liver and Kidney of Male Albino Mice Treated with Ivabradine. Baghdad Science Journal, 16(3 (Suppl.)): 0719-0725. https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3579&context=home
Koohpeyma, F., Gholizadeh, F., Hafezi, H., Hajiaghayi, M., Siri, M., Allahyari, S., Maleki, M.H., Asmarian N, Bayat E, Dastghaib S. (2022). The protective effect of L-carnitine on testosterone synthesis pathway, and spermatogenesis in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. BMC complementary medicine and therapies. 22(1): 269. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12906-022-03749-0
Kotb, S.M., El-ghazouly, D.E., Ameen, O. (2020). The potential cytoprotective effect of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 56(1): 134-47. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/bafm/article/view/232070
Lopes Cortes, M., Andrade Louzado, J., Galvao Oliveira, M., Moraes Bezerra, V., Mistro, S., Souto Medeiros, D., Arruda Soares, D., Oliveira Silva, K., Nicolaevna Kochergin, C., Honorato dos Santos de Carvalho VC, Wildes Amorim W. (2021). Unhealthy food and psychological stress: The association between ultra-processed food consumption and perceived stress in working-class young adults. International journal of environmental research and public health. 7;18(8), pp:3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083863
Mountjoy, K.G., (2021). ELISA versus LUMINEX assay for measuring mouse metabolic hormones and cytokines: sharing the lessons I have learned. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 42(2): 154-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2020.1838924
Nahok, K., Phetcharaburanin, J., Li, J.V., Silsirivanit, A., Thanan, R., Boonnate, P., Joonhuathon, J., Sharma, A., Anutrakulchai, S., Selmi, C. and Cha’on, U., (2021). Monosodium glutamate induces changes in hepatic and renal metabolic profiles and gut microbiome of wistar rats. Nutrients, 13(6), p.1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061865
Nosseir, N.S., Ali, M.H., Ebaid, H.M. (2012). A histological and morphometric study of monosodium glutamate toxic effect on testicular structure and potentiality of recovery in adult albino rats. Res J Biol. 2(2):66-78. https://n9.cl/x76tn4
Ogunmokunwa, A.E, Ibitoye, B.O. (2025). Monosodium glutamate (MSG) exposure induced oxidative stress and disrupted testicular hormonal regulation, exacerbating reproductive dysfunction in male WISTAR rats. Endocrine and Metabolic Science. 1;17:100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100226
Omogbiya, A.I., Ben-Azu, B., Eduviere, A.T., Eneni, A.E.O., Nwokoye, P.O., Ajayi, A.M. and Umukoro, S., (2021). Monosodium glutamate induces memory and hepatic dysfunctions in mice: ameliorative role of Jobelyn through the augmentation of cellular antioxidant defense machineries. Toxicological Research, 37 (3): 323-335. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43188-020-00068-9
Ongaro, L., Alonso, C.A.I., Zhou, X., Brûlé, E., Li, Y., Schang, G., Parlow, A.F., Steyn, F. and Bernard, D.J., (2021). Development of a highly sensitive ELISA for measurement of FSH in serum, plasma, and whole blood in mice. Endocrinology, 162(4), p.bqab014. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqab014
Rajpoot, A., Pandey, A.K., Roy, V.K. and Mishra, R.K., (2025). Shilajit Mitigates Diabetes‐Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Mice: A Modulation in Insulin Sensitivity, Germ Cell‐Junctional Dynamics, and Oxido‐Apoptotic Status. Andrologia. (1): 5517176. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/and/5517176
Saleem, R.N. and Mohammed, S.I., (2021). Hormonal aspects of skin hyperpigmentation in healthy Kurdish primigravida women in Erbil City. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 33(5):95-104. https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/1837/781
Sharma, A. (2015). Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative kidney damage and possible mechanisms: a mini-review. Journal of biomedical science. 22: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-015-0192-5
Suvarna, K.S., Layton, C. and Bancroft, J.D., (2018). Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques E-Book. Elsevier health sciences. 126-138.
Tan, X., David, A., Day, J., Tang, H., Dixon, E.R., Zhu, H., Chen, Y.C., Khaing Oo, M.K., Shikanov, A. and Fan, X., (2018). Rapid mouse follicle stimulating hormone quantification and estrus cycle analysis using an automated microfluidic chemiluminescent ELISA system. ACS sensors, 3(11): 2327-2334. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acssensors.8b00641
Thuy, L.N., Salanta, L., Tofana, M., Socaci, S.A., Fărcaș, A.C., Pop, C.R. (2020). A mini review about monosodium glutamate. Bulletin UASVM Food Science and Technology. 77 (1): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:2019.0029
Toyama, K., Tomoe, M., Inoue, Y., Sanbe, A. and Yamamoto, S., (2008). A possible application of monosodium glutamate to nutritional care for elderly people. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(10): 1852-1854. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1852
Wang, C.X., Zhang, Y., Li, Q.F., Sun, H.L., Chong, H.L., Jiang, J.X., Li, Q.C. (2021). The reproductive toxicity of monosodium glutamate by damaging GnRH neurons cannot be relieved spontaneously over time. Drug design, development and therapy. 12: 3499-508. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S318223
Wijayasekara, K., Wansapala, J. (2017). Uses, effects and properties of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on food & nutrition. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 2(3): 132-43. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kaushalya-Wijayasekara/publication/351634601_Uses_effects_and_properties_of_monosodium_glutamate_MSG_on_food_nutrition/links/60a29dcc92851c186a62cc35/Uses-effects-and-properties-of-monosodium-glutamate-MSG-on-food-nutrition.pdf
Published
2025-12-31
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Khaleel, H., Thaker, S. M., & Haneen Abdulsalam Ali. (2025). Improving Effects of Shilajit on Monosodium Glutamate Induced Testicular Changes in Male Mice. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education, 7(3), 581-593. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci4397
Copyright (c) 2025 Hadeel Khaleel, Saja Muzahem Thaker , Haneen Abdulsalam Ali (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
