Investigation Readiness of teachers and students in online learning: A Study Quantitative method
https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci4212
Keywords:
online learning, self-efficacy, student’s motivation, students’ readiness, teacher readiness
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Abstract
Online learning has become a reality in Indonesia in mid-2022. Conventional learning has experienced a suspended animation, and suddenly, online learning has become viral and a necessity for all schools, including high schools. This study aims to determine the relationship between teacher readiness and high school student’s readiness for online learning during the post pandemic. There were 407 teacher and high school student respondents, respectively. They used the correlation approach, F test, and regression equation to measure the correlation between each teacher's readiness and student readiness indicator. The findings show that the relationship between teacher and student readiness is insignificant. Readiness of online learning infrastructure has more influence than indicators of digital literacy and teacher self-efficacy, pedagogical abilities, teacher attitudes, and readiness for document management. The teacher’s attitude toward online learning does not influence student readiness for online learning.
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References
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Ahmed, S., & Amer, M. M. (2013). Counseling Muslims: Handbook of Mental Health Issues and Interventions. Routledge.
Ahmed, S. T., & Roche, T. (2021). Making the connection: Examining the relationship between undergraduate students’ digital literacy and academic success in an English medium instruction (EMI) university. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 4601–4620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10443-0
Almusawi, H. A., Durugbo, C. M., & Bugawa, A. M. (2021). Innovation in physical education: Teachers’ perspectives on readiness for wearable technology integration. Computers & Education, 167, 104185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104185
Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (1st edition). Routledge.
Callo, E. C., & Yazon, A. D. (2020). Exploring the factors influencing the readiness of faculty and students on online teaching and learning as an alternative delivery mode for the new normal. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(8), 3509–3518. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080826
Cigdam, H., & Yildirim, O. G. (2014). Effects of Students’ Characteristics on Online Learning Readiness: A Vocational College Example. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(3), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.69439
Cutri, R. M., & Mena, J. (2020). A critical reconceptualization of faculty readiness for online teaching. Distance Education, 41(3), 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1763167
Dabbagh, N., & Kitsantas, A. (2005). Using web-based pedagogical tools as scaffolds for self-regulated learning. Instructional Science, 33(5–6), 513–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-005-1278-3
Dehghan, H., Esmaeili, S. V., Paridokht, F., Javadzade, N., & Jalali, M. (2022). Assessing the students’ readiness for E-Learning during the Covid-19 pandemic: A case study. Heliyon, 8(8), e10219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10219
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Firat, M., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). Variables affecting online learning readiness in an open and distance learning university. Educational Media International, 57(2), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2020.1786772
Geng, S., Law, K. M. Y., & Niu, B. (2019). Investigating self-directed learning and technology readiness in blending learning environment. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0147-0
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Hasyim, Nurhikmah, Arismunandar, Ranta Butarbutar, Abdul Malik Ramli, Imam Dedikasi Malik Nur (2024). Mind mapping of teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning: A reflective study of urban and suburban areas. Cogent Education, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2292864
Ho, H. C. Y., Poon, K.-T., Chan, K. K. S., Cheung, S. K., Datu, J. A. D., & Tse, C. Y. A. (2023). Promoting preservice teachers’ psychological and pedagogical competencies for online learning and teaching: The T.E.A.C.H. program. Computers & Education, 195, 104725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104725
Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., Siddiq, F., & Scherer, R. (2021). Ready, set, go! Profiling teachers’ readiness for online teaching in secondary education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1839543
Kalkan, N. (2020). Investigation of E-Learning Readiness Levels of University Students Studying in Different Departments. African Educational Research Journal, 8(3), 533–539. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.83.20.110
Kalman, R., Macias Esparza, M., & Weston, C. (2020). Student Views of the Online Learning Process during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Upper-Level and Entry-Level Undergraduate Perspectives. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3353–3357.
Khan, A., Egbue, O., Palkie, B., & Madden, J. (2017). Active Learning: Engaging Students to Maximize Learning In An Online Course. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 15(2), Article 2.
Lee, T., Lee, S. J., Yoon, Y. S., Ji, H., Yoon, S., Lee, S., & Ji, Y. (2023). Personal Factors and Clinical Learning Environment as Predictors of Nursing Students’ Readiness for Practice: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Asian Nursing Research, 17(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2023.01.003
Li, M., & Yu, Z. (2022). Teachers’ Satisfaction, Role, and Digital Literacy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031121
Linjawi, A. I., & Alfadda, L. S. (2018). Students’ perception, attitudes, and readiness toward online learning in dental education in Saudi Arabia: A cohort study. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 9, 855–863. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S175395
Naji, K. K., Du, X., Tarlochan, F., Ebead, U., Hasan, M. A., & Al-Ali, A. K. (2020). Engineering Students’ Readiness to Transition to Emergency Online Learning in Response to COVID-19: Case of Qatar. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10).
Navastara, D. A., Suciati, N., Fatichah, C., Purwitasari, D., Tjandrasa, H., Arifin, A. Z., Feliciano, A., Niza, Y., Dinata, R. K., Maharani, S., Syauqi, A., Anggraeni, S. R., Adianto, F. K., Cahyaningtyas, Z. A., Usman, S. B., & Hadinata, K. C. (2020). Pemanfaatan Platform Google Classroom untuk Pembelajaran Daring di Pondok Pesantren Miftahul Ulum Al-Islamy, Bangkalan, Madura. SEWAGATI, 4(3), 175. https://doi.org/10.12962/j26139960.v4i3.7977
Öngören, S. (2021). Investigation of Prospective Preschool Teachers’ Digital Literacy and Teacher Readiness Levels. International Journal of Modern Education Studies, 5(1), Article 1.
Peng, H., Tsai, C.-C., & Wu, Y.-T. (2006). University students’ self‐efficacy and their attitudes toward the Internet: The role of students’ perceptions of the Internet. Educational Studies, 32(1), 73–86.
Rafique, G. M., Mahmood, K., Warraich, N. F., & Rehman, S. U. (2021). Readiness for Online Learning during COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of Pakistani LIS students. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(3), 102346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102346
Rauf, R., Wijaya, H., & Tari, E. (2021). Entrepreneurship education based on environmental insight: Opportunities and challenges in the new normal era. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 8(1), 1945756. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2021.1945756
Scherer, R., Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., & Siddiq, F. (2021). Profiling teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who’s ready? Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675
Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., Howard, S. K., & Tondeur, J. (2023). Gender divides in teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Do women and men consider themselves equally prepared? Computers & Education, 199, 104774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104774
Setiaji, B., & Dinata, P. A. C. (2020). Analisis kesiapan mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan fisika menggunakan e-learning dalam situasi pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, 6(1), 59–70.
Shakeel, S. I., Haolader, M. F. A., & Sultana, M. S. (2023). Exploring dimensions of blended learning readiness: Validation of scale and assessing blended learning readiness in the context of TVET Bangladesh. Heliyon, 9(1), e12766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12766
Sidi, Y., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2023). From face-to-face to online: Teachers’ perceived experiences in online distance teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. Computers & Education, 201, 104831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104831
So, T., & Swatman, P. M. (2006). E-Learning readiness of Hong Kong teachers. University of South Australia.
Supartini, T., Weismann, I. T. J., Wijaya, H., & Helaluddin. (2020). Development of Learning Methods through Songs and Movements to Improve Children’s Cognitive and Psychomotor Aspects. Development of Learning Methods through Songs and Movements to Improve Children’s Cognitive and Psychomotor Aspects, 9(4), 1615–1633.
Szpunar, K. K., Moulton, S. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2013). Mind wandering and education: From the classroom to online learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00495
Tang, Y. M., Chen, P. C., Law, K. M. Y., Wu, C. H., Lau, Y., Guan, J., He, D., & Ho, G. T. S. (2021). Comparative analysis of Student’s live online learning readiness during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the higher education sector. Computers & Education, 168, 104211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104211
Wagiran, W., Suharjana, S., Nurtanto, M., & Mutohhari, F. (2022). Determining the e-learning readiness of higher education students: A study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 8(10), e11160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11160
Wei, H.-C., & Chou, C. (2020). Online learning performance and satisfaction: Do perceptions and readiness matter? Distance Education, 41(1), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1724768
Wen, M. L., Tsai, C.-C., Lin, H.-M., & Chuang, S.-C. (2004). Cognitive–metacognitive and content-technical aspects of constructivist Internet-based learning environments: A LISREL analysis. Computers & Education, 43(3), 237–248.
Agormedah, E. K., Henaku, E. A., Ayi̇te, D. M. K., & Ansah, E. A. (2020). Online Learning in Higher Education during COVID-19 Pandemic: A case of Ghana. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 3(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.726441
Ahmed, S., & Amer, M. M. (2013). Counseling Muslims: Handbook of Mental Health Issues and Interventions. Routledge.
Ahmed, S. T., & Roche, T. (2021). Making the connection: Examining the relationship between undergraduate students’ digital literacy and academic success in an English medium instruction (EMI) university. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 4601–4620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10443-0
Almusawi, H. A., Durugbo, C. M., & Bugawa, A. M. (2021). Innovation in physical education: Teachers’ perspectives on readiness for wearable technology integration. Computers & Education, 167, 104185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104185
Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (1st edition). Routledge.
Callo, E. C., & Yazon, A. D. (2020). Exploring the factors influencing the readiness of faculty and students on online teaching and learning as an alternative delivery mode for the new normal. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(8), 3509–3518. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080826
Cigdam, H., & Yildirim, O. G. (2014). Effects of Students’ Characteristics on Online Learning Readiness: A Vocational College Example. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(3), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.69439
Cutri, R. M., & Mena, J. (2020). A critical reconceptualization of faculty readiness for online teaching. Distance Education, 41(3), 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1763167
Dabbagh, N., & Kitsantas, A. (2005). Using web-based pedagogical tools as scaffolds for self-regulated learning. Instructional Science, 33(5–6), 513–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-005-1278-3
Dehghan, H., Esmaeili, S. V., Paridokht, F., Javadzade, N., & Jalali, M. (2022). Assessing the students’ readiness for E-Learning during the Covid-19 pandemic: A case study. Heliyon, 8(8), e10219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10219
Deza Leon, M. P., Redzepi, A., McGrath, E., Abdel-Haq, N., Shawaqfeh, A., Sethuraman, U., Tilford, B., Chopra, T., Arora, H., & Ang, J. (2020). COVID-19–associated pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 9(3), 407–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa061
Dogham, R. S., Elcokany, N. M., Saber Ghaly, A., Dawood, T. M. A., Aldakheel, F. M., Llaguno, M. B. B., & Mohsen, D. M. (2022). Self-directed learning readiness and online learning self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 17, 100490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100490
Firat, M., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). Variables affecting online learning readiness in an open and distance learning university. Educational Media International, 57(2), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2020.1786772
Geng, S., Law, K. M. Y., & Niu, B. (2019). Investigating self-directed learning and technology readiness in blending learning environment. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0147-0
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th edition). Pearson.
Hasyim, Nurhikmah, Arismunandar, Ranta Butarbutar, Abdul Malik Ramli, Imam Dedikasi Malik Nur (2024). Mind mapping of teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning: A reflective study of urban and suburban areas. Cogent Education, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2292864
Ho, H. C. Y., Poon, K.-T., Chan, K. K. S., Cheung, S. K., Datu, J. A. D., & Tse, C. Y. A. (2023). Promoting preservice teachers’ psychological and pedagogical competencies for online learning and teaching: The T.E.A.C.H. program. Computers & Education, 195, 104725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104725
Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., Siddiq, F., & Scherer, R. (2021). Ready, set, go! Profiling teachers’ readiness for online teaching in secondary education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1839543
Kalkan, N. (2020). Investigation of E-Learning Readiness Levels of University Students Studying in Different Departments. African Educational Research Journal, 8(3), 533–539. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.83.20.110
Kalman, R., Macias Esparza, M., & Weston, C. (2020). Student Views of the Online Learning Process during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Upper-Level and Entry-Level Undergraduate Perspectives. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3353–3357.
Khan, A., Egbue, O., Palkie, B., & Madden, J. (2017). Active Learning: Engaging Students to Maximize Learning In An Online Course. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 15(2), Article 2.
Lee, T., Lee, S. J., Yoon, Y. S., Ji, H., Yoon, S., Lee, S., & Ji, Y. (2023). Personal Factors and Clinical Learning Environment as Predictors of Nursing Students’ Readiness for Practice: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Asian Nursing Research, 17(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2023.01.003
Li, M., & Yu, Z. (2022). Teachers’ Satisfaction, Role, and Digital Literacy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031121
Linjawi, A. I., & Alfadda, L. S. (2018). Students’ perception, attitudes, and readiness toward online learning in dental education in Saudi Arabia: A cohort study. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 9, 855–863. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S175395
Naji, K. K., Du, X., Tarlochan, F., Ebead, U., Hasan, M. A., & Al-Ali, A. K. (2020). Engineering Students’ Readiness to Transition to Emergency Online Learning in Response to COVID-19: Case of Qatar. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10).
Navastara, D. A., Suciati, N., Fatichah, C., Purwitasari, D., Tjandrasa, H., Arifin, A. Z., Feliciano, A., Niza, Y., Dinata, R. K., Maharani, S., Syauqi, A., Anggraeni, S. R., Adianto, F. K., Cahyaningtyas, Z. A., Usman, S. B., & Hadinata, K. C. (2020). Pemanfaatan Platform Google Classroom untuk Pembelajaran Daring di Pondok Pesantren Miftahul Ulum Al-Islamy, Bangkalan, Madura. SEWAGATI, 4(3), 175. https://doi.org/10.12962/j26139960.v4i3.7977
Öngören, S. (2021). Investigation of Prospective Preschool Teachers’ Digital Literacy and Teacher Readiness Levels. International Journal of Modern Education Studies, 5(1), Article 1.
Peng, H., Tsai, C.-C., & Wu, Y.-T. (2006). University students’ self‐efficacy and their attitudes toward the Internet: The role of students’ perceptions of the Internet. Educational Studies, 32(1), 73–86.
Rafique, G. M., Mahmood, K., Warraich, N. F., & Rehman, S. U. (2021). Readiness for Online Learning during COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of Pakistani LIS students. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(3), 102346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102346
Rauf, R., Wijaya, H., & Tari, E. (2021). Entrepreneurship education based on environmental insight: Opportunities and challenges in the new normal era. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 8(1), 1945756. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2021.1945756
Scherer, R., Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., & Siddiq, F. (2021). Profiling teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who’s ready? Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675
Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., Howard, S. K., & Tondeur, J. (2023). Gender divides in teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Do women and men consider themselves equally prepared? Computers & Education, 199, 104774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104774
Setiaji, B., & Dinata, P. A. C. (2020). Analisis kesiapan mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan fisika menggunakan e-learning dalam situasi pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, 6(1), 59–70.
Shakeel, S. I., Haolader, M. F. A., & Sultana, M. S. (2023). Exploring dimensions of blended learning readiness: Validation of scale and assessing blended learning readiness in the context of TVET Bangladesh. Heliyon, 9(1), e12766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12766
Sidi, Y., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2023). From face-to-face to online: Teachers’ perceived experiences in online distance teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. Computers & Education, 201, 104831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104831
So, T., & Swatman, P. M. (2006). E-Learning readiness of Hong Kong teachers. University of South Australia.
Supartini, T., Weismann, I. T. J., Wijaya, H., & Helaluddin. (2020). Development of Learning Methods through Songs and Movements to Improve Children’s Cognitive and Psychomotor Aspects. Development of Learning Methods through Songs and Movements to Improve Children’s Cognitive and Psychomotor Aspects, 9(4), 1615–1633.
Szpunar, K. K., Moulton, S. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2013). Mind wandering and education: From the classroom to online learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00495
Tang, Y. M., Chen, P. C., Law, K. M. Y., Wu, C. H., Lau, Y., Guan, J., He, D., & Ho, G. T. S. (2021). Comparative analysis of Student’s live online learning readiness during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the higher education sector. Computers & Education, 168, 104211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104211
Wagiran, W., Suharjana, S., Nurtanto, M., & Mutohhari, F. (2022). Determining the e-learning readiness of higher education students: A study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 8(10), e11160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11160
Wei, H.-C., & Chou, C. (2020). Online learning performance and satisfaction: Do perceptions and readiness matter? Distance Education, 41(1), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1724768
Wen, M. L., Tsai, C.-C., Lin, H.-M., & Chuang, S.-C. (2004). Cognitive–metacognitive and content-technical aspects of constructivist Internet-based learning environments: A LISREL analysis. Computers & Education, 43(3), 237–248.
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2025-12-31
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How to Cite
Mappalotteng, A. M., H., N., Wijaya, H., Weismann, I. T. J., & Nur, I. A. F. M. (2025). Investigation Readiness of teachers and students in online learning: A Study Quantitative method. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education, 7(3), 533-545. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci4212
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Muis Mappalotteng, Nurhikmah H., Hengki Wijaya, Ivan Th. J. Weismann, Istar Al Fatih Malik Nur (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
