A Blockchain-Based Framework for Decentralized Academic Credentialing: Designing a Secure Architecture for Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci4622Keywords:
Blockchain, Prisma, Education LandscapeAbstract
Indonesia's education system is dealing with issues worldwide, such as fake diplomas, poor administration, fragmentation of data, and a misalignment of curriculum and job market demands. The centralised data system of the Indonesian government is hackable/ alterable. This study aims to explore and evaluate global blockchain technology's relevance to and challenges in the Indonesian education system. This study applied the Literature Review methodology with the use of the PRISMA framework. Out of the numerous studies available, 49 were chosen from the Scopus database from 2016 to 2026. The results of the study indicate that blockchain technology offers education systems a solution to the problem of storage, from the perspective of security, transparency, and immutability. Furthermore, the problem of diploma fraud and administrative inefficacy in systems can be solved through the decentralised verification of blockchain. Adopting this technology is still a problem, in that educational data remains unregulated and the internet is poorly available; the large storage capacity of the blockchain system is a problem too. Overall, blockchain technology has the possible prospects of transforming the Indonesian education system to be more inclusive, accountable and secure. To achieve this, unified efforts of all stakeholders is essential
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[46] S. Pongnumkul , T. Bunditlurdruk , P. Chaovalit , and A. Tharatipyakul , “A Cross-Sectional Review of Blockchain in Thailand: Research Literature , Education Cours-es , and Industry Projects ,” Appl . Sci . , vol. 11, no. 11, p. 4928, May 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11114928.
[2] A. Alammary , S. Alhazmi , M. Almasri , and S. Gillani , “ Blockchain-Based Appli-cations in Education : A Systematic Review ,” Appl . Sci . , vol. 9, no. 12, p. 2400, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.3390/app9122400.
[3] D. Lizcano, J. A. Lara, B. White, and S. Aljawarneh, “ Blockchain?based approach to create a trust model in open and ubiquitous higher education,” J. Comput. High. Educ . , 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09209-y.
[4] M. Jirgensons and J. Kapenieks, “ Blockchain and the Future of Digital Learning Credential Assessment and TI2 Management - Journal of Teacher Education for Sus-tainability," vol. 20, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.2478/jtes-2018-0009.
[5] P. Bhaskar , CK Tiwari , and A. Joshi, “ Blockchain in education management : present and future applications ," Interact . Technol. Smart Educ . , vol. 18, no. 1, pp 1–17, May 2021, doi: 10.1108/ITSE-07-2020-0102.
[6] R. Raimundo and A. Rosário , “ Blockchain Systems in Higher Education ,” Eur . J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ . , vol. 11, no. 1, pp 276–293, March. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ejihpe11010021.
[7] HA Alsobhi, RA Alakhtar, A. Ubaid, OK Hussain, and FK Hussain, “ Blockchain-based micro-credentialing system in higher education institutions: Systematic litera-ture review,” Knowl .- Based Syst . , vol. 265, p. 110238, Apr 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.110238.
[8] A.D. Samala , D. Mhlanga , L. Bojic , N.-J. Howard, and DP Coelho , “ Blockchain Technology in Education : Opportunities , Challenges , and Beyond ," Int. J. Inter-act. Mob. Technol. IJIM, vol. 18, no. 01, pp . 20–42, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3991/ijim.v18i01.46307.
[9] X. Chen, D. Zou , G. Cheng , H. Xie , and M. Jong, “ Blockchain in smart education : Contributors , collaborations , applications and research topics ,” Educ . Inf . Tech-nol . , vol. 28, no. 4, pp 4597–4627, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10639-022-11399-5.
[10] AOJ Kwok and H. Treiblmaier, “ No one left behind in education: blockchain-based transformation and its potential for social inclusion,” Asia Pac. Educ. Rev., vol. 23, no. 3, pp 445–455, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s12564-021-09735-4.
[11] P. Agarwal, S. M. Idrees, and A. J. Obaid, “ Blockchain and IoT Technology in Transformation of Education Sector," Int. J. Online Biomed. Eng. IJOE , vol. 17, no. 12, pp . 4–18, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3991/ijoe.v17i12.25015.
[12] MJ Page et al., “The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guidelines for reporting systematic reviews,” BMJ, p. n71, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.
[13] A. Bathula, S. Kr. Gupta, S. Merugu, and S.S. Skandha, “ Academic Projects on Certification Management Using Blockchain - A Review,” in 2022 International Conference on Recent Trends in Microelectronics, Automation, Computing and Communications Systems ( ICMACC), Hyderabad, India: IEEE, Dec. 2022, pp . 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ICMACC54824.2022.10093679.
[14] S. Chawla, G. Prakash, G. Singh, and J. Kaur, “ Assessing the factors influencing blockchain adoption intention in higher education institutes: A mixed method ap-proach," Educ. Inf . Technol . , vol. 29, no. 17, pp 22651–22679, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10639-024-12716-w.
[15] T. Greany, T. Cowhitt, A. Noyes, C. Gripton, and G. Hudson, “ Local learning land-scapes: conceptualising place-based professional learning by teachers and schools in decentralization education systems,” J. Educ. Change, vol. 26, no. 1, pp 1–28, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10833-024-09508-x.
[16] LM Palma, MAG Vigil, FL Pereira, and JE Martina, “ Blockchain and smart contracts for higher education registry in Brazil," Int. J. Netw. Manag. , vol. 29, no. 3, p. e2061, May 2019, doi: 10.1002/nem.2061.
[17] P. Rani, R. K. Sachan, and S. Kukreja, “A systematic study on blockchain technolo-gy in education: initiatives, products, applications, benefits, challenges and research direction,” Computing, vol. 106, no. 2, pp 405–447, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s00607-023-01228-z.
[18] F. Loukil , M. Abed, and K. Boukadi , “ Blockchain adoption in education : a sys-tematic literature review ," Educ . Inf . Technol . , vol. 26, no. 5, pp 5779–5797, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10639-021-10481-8.
[19] Tara Chandra, Monali Gulhane , Mandeep Kaur, Nitin Rakesh , and Sudha Maurya , “ Blockchain?based novel framework to publish , verify , and digital academic store credentials of universities .” Int. j. inf, Jun 2024. [Online].
[20] KO Asamoah et al., “A Blockchain-Based Crowdsourcing Loan Platform for Fund-ing Higher Education in Developing Countries," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp 24162–24174, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3252917.
[21] D. Shah, D. Patel, J. Adesara, P. Hingu, and M. Shah, “ Integrating machine learning and blockchain to develop a system to vet the forgeries and provide efficient results in the education sector," Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 18, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1186/s42492-021-00084-y.
[22] N. Alshareef, “Investment opportunity of blockchain technology in the education sector of Saudi Arabia: A systematic literature review," Front. Educ . , vol. 7, p. 911126, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.911126.
[23] SL Nita and MI Mihailescu, “A Novel Authentication Scheme Based on Verifiable Credentials Using Digital Identity in the Context of Web 3.0,” Electronics, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 1137, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.3390/electronics13061137.
[24] S. Dwivedi and S. Vig, “ Blockchain adoption in higher education institutions in India: Identifying the main challenges,” Cogent Educ . , vol. 11, no. 1, p. 2292887, Dec 2024, doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2023.2292887.
[25] MK Dash, G. Panda, A. Kumar, and S. Luthra, “ Applications of blockchain in gov-ernment education sector: a comprehensive review and future research potentials," J. Glob. Oper. Strateg. Sourc. , vol. 15, no. 3, pp 449–472, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1108/JGOSS-09-2021-0076.
[26] R. Manoj et al. , “ Blockchain Ecosystem for Credit Transfer in Education ," Math . Probl . Eng. , vol. 2021, pp 1–12, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/8526456.
[27] J. Liu and T. Zhu, “ Application of Blockchain Technology in Culture and Creative Design and Education," Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. IJET, vol. 16, no. 04, p. 228, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3991/ijet.v16i04.15233.
[28] M. Choi , S.R. Kiran, S.-C. Oh, and O.-Y. Kwon, “ Blockchain-Based Badge Awards with Existence Proof TI2 - Applied Sciences,” vol. 9, no. 12, 2019, doi: 10.3390/app9122473.
[29] SE Vordenberg et al., “An Integrative Review of Micro-Credentials and Digital Badges for Pharmacy Educators," Am. J. Pharm. Educ . , vol. 88, no. 3, p. 100660, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100660.
[30] L. Mainetti, R. Paiano, M. Pedone, M. Quarta, and E. Dervishi, “Digital Brick: En-hancing the Student Experience Using Blockchain, Open Badges and Recommenda-tions TI2 - Education Sciences," vol. 12, no. 8, 2022, doi: 10.3390/educsci12080567.
[31] K. Copenhaver and L. Pritchard, “Digital badges for staff training: Motivate employ-ees to learn with micro-credentials,” J. Electron. Resour. Librarianship. , vol. 29, no. 4, pp 245–254, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1080/1941126x.2017.1378543.
[32] X. Meng, “A Study of Strategies for Integration Faculty Professional Development and Blockchain Technology in Higher Education," Appl. Math . Nonlinear Sci . , vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.2478/amns-2024-1563.
[33] Y. P. Tsang, C. Ka Man Lee, C. Ho Wu, and Y. Li, “ Gamified Blockchain Education in Experiential Learning: An Analysis of Students ' Cognitive Well-Being,” IEEE Trans. Educ . , vol. 67, no. 4, pp 620–628, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1109/te.2024.3395617.
[34] D. Zhao, “ Research on the practical application of BlockTune, a blockchain-based music copyright management system, in music education," Appl. Math . Nonlinear Sci . , vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.2478/amns-2024-3183.
[35] Z. Hao, MY Bin Yahya, and J. Lu, “ Influence of Blockchain Technology Applica-tion in Education on Online Teaching Resources Sharing," Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. IJET, vol. 18, no. 11, pp . 25–37, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.3991/ijet.v18i11.39361.
[36] H. Sun, X. Wang, and X. Wang, “ Application of Blockchain Technology in Online Education," Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. IJET, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 252, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.3991/ijet.v13i10.9455.
[37] S.N. Nyazabe, G.-H. Hwang, and OB Manyole, “ Influential Factors in the Imple-mentation of an Educational Blockchain System in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Case of Higher Education Institutions," Int. J. Educ. Reform, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1177/10567879231217481.
[38] V. Kuleto et al., “The Potential of Blockchain Technology in Higher Education as Perceived by Students in Serbia, Romania, and Portugal,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 749, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14020749.
[39] P. Ocheja, Friday J. Agbo, Solomon S. Oyelere, B. Flanagan, and Hiroaki Ogata, “ Blockchain in Education: A Systematic Review and Practical Case Studies,” IEEE Access, pp 1–1, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1109/access.2022.3206791.
[40] J. Park, “ Promises and challenges of Blockchain in education,” Smart Learn. Envi-ron. , vol. 8, no. 1, p. 33, Dec 2021, doi: 10.1186/s40561-021-00179-2.
[41] V. Yfantis and K. Ntalianis, “ Using Gamification to Address the Adoption of Block-chain Technology in the Public Sector of Education,” IEEE Eng. Manag. Rev., vol. 50, no. 4, pp 139–146, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1109/EMR.2022.3220574.
[42] S. Son- Turan, “ Fostering Equality in Education: The Blockchain Business Model for Higher Education (BBM-HE),” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 2955, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14052955.
[43] E. Tan, E. Lerouge , J. Du Caju, and D. Du Seuil, “ Verification of Education Creden-tials on European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI): Action Research in a Cross-Border Use Case between Belgium and Italy," Big Data Cogn. Comput. , vol. 7, no. 2, p. 79, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/bdcc7020079.
[44] M. LaMagna , “ Placing digital badges and micro-credentials in context ,” J. Electron . Resour. Librarianship. , vol. 29, no. 4, pp 206–210, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1080/1941126x.2017.1378538.
[45] R. Bhatia and NK Bhasin, “A Study of the New Role of Blockchain in the Indian Education System:" Int. J. E- Collab. , vol. 19, no. 1, pp 1–19, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.4018/IJeC.315784.
[46] S. Pongnumkul , T. Bunditlurdruk , P. Chaovalit , and A. Tharatipyakul , “A Cross-Sectional Review of Blockchain in Thailand: Research Literature , Education Cours-es , and Industry Projects ,” Appl . Sci . , vol. 11, no. 11, p. 4928, May 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11114928.
Published
2026-06-19
How to Cite
Amnur, H., & Norfaradilla Wahid. (2026). A Blockchain-Based Framework for Decentralized Academic Credentialing: Designing a Secure Architecture for Indonesia. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci4622
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Copyright (c) 2026 Hidra Amnur, Norfaradilla Wahid (Author)
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