Artificial Intelligence Readiness in Malaysian Libraries: An Assessment Framework
https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci3875
Keywords:
Artificial intelligence, AI Adoption., library readiness, Malaysian libraries, technology integration
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Abstract
This study investigates the readiness of Malaysian libraries to embrace Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, focusing on six key dimensions: infrastructure, technical skills, management support, policy and regulations, funding, and training. Utilizing a quantitative research approach, an online survey was conducted to collect data from library heads, providing insights into their preparedness for AI adoption. The survey instrument, developed based on preliminary interviews with librarians and refined through expert feedback and pilot testing, achieved good internal consistency. Findings reveal that while libraries exhibit moderate readiness in terms of internet infrastructure and management support, significant challenges remain in financial planning and policy and regulation formulation for AI integration. These challenges highlight critical areas that need addressing for successful AI adoption. The study provides valuable insights for library administrators and policymakers, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to enhance AI readiness. The contributions of this study are threefold. Theoretically, it expands the understanding of AI readiness in the library sector, offering a validated framework for future research. Empirically, it fills a gap by providing data-driven insights into the current state of AI readiness among Malaysian libraries. Practically, it offers actionable recommendations to improve financial planning and policy development, essential for effective AI integration.
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References
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Andersdotter, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence literacy in libraries. Journal of Information Literacy. https://doi.org/10.11645/17.2.14
Arslan, A., Cooper, C., Khan, Z., Golgeci, I., & Ali, I. (2021). Artificial intelligence and human workers interaction at team level: A conceptual assessment of the challenges and potential HRM strategies. International Journal of Manpower. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2021-0052
Aslam, M. (2022). Adapting to change in academic libraries. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 71(8/9), 672–685. https://doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-04-2020-0053
Barsha, S., & Munshi, S. A. (2024). Implementing artificial intelligence in library services: A review of current prospects and challenges of developing countries. Library Hi Tech News, 41(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-07-2023-0126
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Charlwood, A., & Guenole, N. (2023). Can HR adapt to the paradoxes of artificial intelligence? Human Resource Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12418
Chen, T., Guo, W., Gao, X., & Liang, Z. (2021). AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery: User experience and influencing factors. Government Information Quarterly, 38(4), 101520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101520
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Clarke, R. (2019). Principles and business processes for responsible AI. Computer Law & Security Review, 35, 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLSR.2019.04.007
Costa, K. (2020). Integrating the C.O.S.T.A. research framework in teaching of thematic analysis for postgraduate students. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3654214
Cox, A. (2023). How artificial intelligence might change academic library work: Applying the competencies literature and the theory of the professions. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 74(3), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24635
Elmas, Ç., & Babayev, J. (2021). Artificial intelligence techniques used in project management. Advances in Artificial Intelligence Research, 1(1), 1–5. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1366942
Haidar, A. (2023). An integrative theoretical framework for responsible artificial intelligence. International Journal of Digital Strategy, Governance, and Business Transformation. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdsgbt.334844
Hanelt, A., Bohnsack, R., Marz, D., & Antunes Marante, C. (2021). A systematic review of the literature on digital transformation: Insights and implications for strategy and organizational change. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1159–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12639
Harisanty, D., Anna, N., Putri, T., Firdaus, A., & Azizi, N. (2023). Is adopting artificial intelligence in libraries urgency or a buzzword? A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515221141034
Harsanto, B. (2021). Innovation management in the library: A bibliometric analysis. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 5908. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5908
Horani, O. M., Al-Adwan, A. S., Yaseen, H., Hmoud, H., Al-Rahmi, W. M., & Alkhalifah, A. (2023). The critical determinants impacting artificial intelligence adoption at the organizational level. Information Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669231166889
Huriye, A. Z. (2023). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Examining the ethical considerations surrounding the development and use of AI. American Journal of Technology, 2(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.58425/ajt.v2i1.142
Hussain, A. (2023). Use of artificial intelligence in the library services: Prospects and challenges. Library Hi Tech News, 40(2), 15–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-11-2022-0125
Jha, S. (2023). Application of artificial intelligence in libraries and information centers services: Prospects and challenges. Library Hi Tech News. https://doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-06-2023-0102
Jöhnk, J., Weißert, M., & Wyrtki, K. (2021). Ready or not, AI comes—An interview study of organizational AI readiness factors. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 63, 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12599-020-00676-7
Kasula, B. Y. (2024). Ethical implications and future prospects of artificial intelligence in healthcare: A research synthesis. International Meridian Journal, 6(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/jet.2019.12345678
Leddy, M., & McCreanor, N. (2023). The potential utilisation of artificial intelligence (AI) in enterprises. In European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecie.18.1.1720
Lo, L. S. (2024). Evaluating AI literacy in academic libraries: A survey study with a focus on US employees. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ulls_fsp/203/
Lund, B. D., Omame, I., Tijani, S., & Agbaji, D. (2020). Perceptions toward artificial intelligence among academic library employees and alignment with the diffusion of innovations’ adopter categories. College & Research Libraries, 81(5), 865. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.81.5.865
Masrek, M. N., Susantari, T., Mutia, F., Yuwinanto, H. P., & Atmi, R. T. (2024). Enabling education everywhere: How artificial intelligence empowers ubiquitous and lifelong learning. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 9(SI18), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9iSI18.5462
Mayesti, N., Huang, C. H., Azmir, A. F., & Adzani, D. M. (2024). Librarians’ views of the readiness of university libraries in Indonesia to adopt virtual and augmented reality. Digital Library Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-05-2023-0041
Najdawi, A. (2020). Assessing AI readiness across organizations: The case of UAE. In 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) (pp. 1–5). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCNT49239.2020.9225386
Nortje, M., & Grobbelaar, S. (2020). A framework for the implementation of artificial intelligence in business enterprises: A readiness model. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) (pp. 1–10). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE/ITMC49519.2020.9198436
Owolabi, K. A., Okorie, N. C., Yemi-Peters, O. E., Oyetola, S. O., Bello, T. O., & Oladokun, B. D. (2022). Readiness of academic librarians towards the use of robotic technologies in Nigerian university libraries. Library Management, 43(3/4), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-11-2021-0104
Pattnaik, D., Ray, S., & Raman, R. (2024). Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the financial services industry: A bibliometric review. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23492
Pence, H. (2022). Future of artificial intelligence in libraries. The Reference Librarian, 63, 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2022.2140741
Permadi, I., Purnomo, G. W., & Pratiwi, K. Y. (2022). The new policy on library in Indonesia facing the industrial era 4.0: Opportunities and challenges. Wacana: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.wacana.2022.025.03.05
Shang, G., Low, S., & Lim, X. (2023). Prospects, drivers of and barriers to artificial intelligence adoption in project management. Built Environment Project and Asset Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/bepam-12-2022-0195
Subaveerapandiyan, A., Sunanthini, C., & Amees, M. (2023). A study on the knowledge and perception of artificial intelligence. IFLA Journal, 49(3), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352231180230
Suseno, Y., Chang, C., Hudík, M., & Fang, E. (2021). Beliefs, anxiety and change readiness for artificial intelligence adoption among human resource managers: The moderating role of high-performance work systems. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33, 1209–1236. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1931408
UNESCO. (2023). Readiness assessment methodology: A tool of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.54678/yhaa4429
Vorm, E., & Dasgupta, P. (2020). Computer-centered humans: Why human-AI interaction research will be critical to successful AI integration in the DoD. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 35, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2020.3013133
Votto, A. M., Valecha, R., Najafirad, P., & Rao, H. R. (2021). Artificial intelligence in tactical human resource management: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100047
Vuong, Q., et al. (2019). Artificial intelligence vs. natural stupidity: Evaluating AI readiness for the Vietnamese medical information system. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(2), Article 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020168
Wang, H., Jia, S., Li, Z., Duan, Y., Tao, G., & Zhao, Z. (2022). A comprehensive review of artificial intelligence in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, 845305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.845305
Weijia, G. U. O. (2022). Influencing factors of artificial intelligence readiness in libraries. Journal of Library and Information Sciences in Agriculture, 34(5), 47. https://doi.org/10.13998/j.cnki.issn1002-1248.22-0016
Weinert, L., Müller, J., Svensson, L., & Heinze, O. (2022). Perspective of information technology decision makers on factors influencing adoption and implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in 40 German hospitals: Descriptive analysis. JMIR Medical Informatics, 10(6), e34678. https://doi.org/10.2196/34678
Wheatley, A., & Hervieux, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence in academic libraries: An environmental scan. Information Services & Use, 39, 347–356. https://doi.org/10.3233/isu-190065
Abayomi, O., Adenekan, F., Abayomi, A., Ajayi, T., & Aderonke, A. (2021). Awareness and perception of the artificial intelligence in the management of university libraries in Nigeria. Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Electronic Reserve, 29, 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1072303X.2021.1918602
Aithal, A., & Aithal, P. S. (2020). Development and validation of survey questionnaire & experimental data–a systematical review-based statistical approach. International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences (IJMTS), 5(2), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.47992/ijmts.2581.6012.0116
Ajani, Y., Tella, A., Salawu, K., & Abdullahi, F. (2022). Perspectives of librarians on awareness and readiness of academic libraries to integrate artificial intelligence for library operations and services in Nigeria. Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 26, 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2022.2086196
Ali, M. Y., Naeem, S. B., Bhatti, R., & Richardson, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence application in university libraries of Pakistan: SWOT analysis and implications. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 73(1/2), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-12-2021-0203
Andersdotter, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence literacy in libraries. Journal of Information Literacy. https://doi.org/10.11645/17.2.14
Arslan, A., Cooper, C., Khan, Z., Golgeci, I., & Ali, I. (2021). Artificial intelligence and human workers interaction at team level: A conceptual assessment of the challenges and potential HRM strategies. International Journal of Manpower. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2021-0052
Aslam, M. (2022). Adapting to change in academic libraries. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 71(8/9), 672–685. https://doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-04-2020-0053
Barsha, S., & Munshi, S. A. (2024). Implementing artificial intelligence in library services: A review of current prospects and challenges of developing countries. Library Hi Tech News, 41(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-07-2023-0126
Bassey, M. M., & Owushi, E. (2023). Adoption of artificial intelligence in library and information science in the 21st century: Assessing the perceived impacts and challenges by librarians in Akwa Ibom and Rivers States. International Journal of Current Innovations in Education, 6(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.771073
Bawack, R. E., Fosso Wamba, S., & Carillo, K. D. A. (2021). A framework for understanding artificial intelligence research: Insights from practice. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34(2), 645–678. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-07-2020-0284
Bhardwaj, G., Singh, S. V., & Kumar, V. (2020). An empirical study of artificial intelligence and its impact on human resource functions. In 2020 International Conference on Computation, Automation and Knowledge Management (ICCAKM) (pp. 47–51). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAKM46823.2020.9051544
Bonal, R. B. (2023). Contactless information centres: 5G-enabled library services. Library Hi Tech News, 40(5), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-11-2022-0122
Cachat-Rosset, G., & Klarsfeld, A. (2023). Diversity, equity, and inclusion in artificial intelligence: An evaluation of guidelines. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 37(1), Article 2176618. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2023.2176618
Charlwood, A., & Guenole, N. (2023). Can HR adapt to the paradoxes of artificial intelligence? Human Resource Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12418
Chen, T., Guo, W., Gao, X., & Liang, Z. (2021). AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery: User experience and influencing factors. Government Information Quarterly, 38(4), 101520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101520
Chowdhury, S., et al. (2023). Unlocking the value of artificial intelligence in human resource management through AI capability framework. Human Resource Management Review, 33(1), Article 100899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100899
Clarke, R. (2019). Principles and business processes for responsible AI. Computer Law & Security Review, 35, 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLSR.2019.04.007
Costa, K. (2020). Integrating the C.O.S.T.A. research framework in teaching of thematic analysis for postgraduate students. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3654214
Cox, A. (2023). How artificial intelligence might change academic library work: Applying the competencies literature and the theory of the professions. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 74(3), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24635
Elmas, Ç., & Babayev, J. (2021). Artificial intelligence techniques used in project management. Advances in Artificial Intelligence Research, 1(1), 1–5. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1366942
Haidar, A. (2023). An integrative theoretical framework for responsible artificial intelligence. International Journal of Digital Strategy, Governance, and Business Transformation. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdsgbt.334844
Hanelt, A., Bohnsack, R., Marz, D., & Antunes Marante, C. (2021). A systematic review of the literature on digital transformation: Insights and implications for strategy and organizational change. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1159–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12639
Harisanty, D., Anna, N., Putri, T., Firdaus, A., & Azizi, N. (2023). Is adopting artificial intelligence in libraries urgency or a buzzword? A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515221141034
Harsanto, B. (2021). Innovation management in the library: A bibliometric analysis. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 5908. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5908
Horani, O. M., Al-Adwan, A. S., Yaseen, H., Hmoud, H., Al-Rahmi, W. M., & Alkhalifah, A. (2023). The critical determinants impacting artificial intelligence adoption at the organizational level. Information Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669231166889
Huriye, A. Z. (2023). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Examining the ethical considerations surrounding the development and use of AI. American Journal of Technology, 2(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.58425/ajt.v2i1.142
Hussain, A. (2023). Use of artificial intelligence in the library services: Prospects and challenges. Library Hi Tech News, 40(2), 15–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-11-2022-0125
Jha, S. (2023). Application of artificial intelligence in libraries and information centers services: Prospects and challenges. Library Hi Tech News. https://doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-06-2023-0102
Jöhnk, J., Weißert, M., & Wyrtki, K. (2021). Ready or not, AI comes—An interview study of organizational AI readiness factors. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 63, 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12599-020-00676-7
Kasula, B. Y. (2024). Ethical implications and future prospects of artificial intelligence in healthcare: A research synthesis. International Meridian Journal, 6(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/jet.2019.12345678
Leddy, M., & McCreanor, N. (2023). The potential utilisation of artificial intelligence (AI) in enterprises. In European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecie.18.1.1720
Lo, L. S. (2024). Evaluating AI literacy in academic libraries: A survey study with a focus on US employees. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ulls_fsp/203/
Lund, B. D., Omame, I., Tijani, S., & Agbaji, D. (2020). Perceptions toward artificial intelligence among academic library employees and alignment with the diffusion of innovations’ adopter categories. College & Research Libraries, 81(5), 865. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.81.5.865
Masrek, M. N., Susantari, T., Mutia, F., Yuwinanto, H. P., & Atmi, R. T. (2024). Enabling education everywhere: How artificial intelligence empowers ubiquitous and lifelong learning. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 9(SI18), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9iSI18.5462
Mayesti, N., Huang, C. H., Azmir, A. F., & Adzani, D. M. (2024). Librarians’ views of the readiness of university libraries in Indonesia to adopt virtual and augmented reality. Digital Library Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-05-2023-0041
Najdawi, A. (2020). Assessing AI readiness across organizations: The case of UAE. In 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) (pp. 1–5). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCNT49239.2020.9225386
Nortje, M., & Grobbelaar, S. (2020). A framework for the implementation of artificial intelligence in business enterprises: A readiness model. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) (pp. 1–10). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE/ITMC49519.2020.9198436
Owolabi, K. A., Okorie, N. C., Yemi-Peters, O. E., Oyetola, S. O., Bello, T. O., & Oladokun, B. D. (2022). Readiness of academic librarians towards the use of robotic technologies in Nigerian university libraries. Library Management, 43(3/4), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-11-2021-0104
Pattnaik, D., Ray, S., & Raman, R. (2024). Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the financial services industry: A bibliometric review. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23492
Pence, H. (2022). Future of artificial intelligence in libraries. The Reference Librarian, 63, 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2022.2140741
Permadi, I., Purnomo, G. W., & Pratiwi, K. Y. (2022). The new policy on library in Indonesia facing the industrial era 4.0: Opportunities and challenges. Wacana: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.wacana.2022.025.03.05
Shang, G., Low, S., & Lim, X. (2023). Prospects, drivers of and barriers to artificial intelligence adoption in project management. Built Environment Project and Asset Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/bepam-12-2022-0195
Subaveerapandiyan, A., Sunanthini, C., & Amees, M. (2023). A study on the knowledge and perception of artificial intelligence. IFLA Journal, 49(3), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352231180230
Suseno, Y., Chang, C., Hudík, M., & Fang, E. (2021). Beliefs, anxiety and change readiness for artificial intelligence adoption among human resource managers: The moderating role of high-performance work systems. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33, 1209–1236. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1931408
UNESCO. (2023). Readiness assessment methodology: A tool of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.54678/yhaa4429
Vorm, E., & Dasgupta, P. (2020). Computer-centered humans: Why human-AI interaction research will be critical to successful AI integration in the DoD. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 35, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2020.3013133
Votto, A. M., Valecha, R., Najafirad, P., & Rao, H. R. (2021). Artificial intelligence in tactical human resource management: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100047
Vuong, Q., et al. (2019). Artificial intelligence vs. natural stupidity: Evaluating AI readiness for the Vietnamese medical information system. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(2), Article 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020168
Wang, H., Jia, S., Li, Z., Duan, Y., Tao, G., & Zhao, Z. (2022). A comprehensive review of artificial intelligence in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, 845305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.845305
Weijia, G. U. O. (2022). Influencing factors of artificial intelligence readiness in libraries. Journal of Library and Information Sciences in Agriculture, 34(5), 47. https://doi.org/10.13998/j.cnki.issn1002-1248.22-0016
Weinert, L., Müller, J., Svensson, L., & Heinze, O. (2022). Perspective of information technology decision makers on factors influencing adoption and implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in 40 German hospitals: Descriptive analysis. JMIR Medical Informatics, 10(6), e34678. https://doi.org/10.2196/34678
Wheatley, A., & Hervieux, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence in academic libraries: An environmental scan. Information Services & Use, 39, 347–356. https://doi.org/10.3233/isu-190065
Published
2025-08-31
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How to Cite
Masrek, M. N., Mohamad Rosman, M. R., Mohamed Shuhidan, S., Baharuddin, M. F., Mutia, F., Soesantari, T., Yuwinanto, H. P., & Atmi, R. T. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Readiness in Malaysian Libraries: An Assessment Framework. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education, 7(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci3875
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Noorman Masrek, Mohamad Rahimi Mohamad Rosman, Mohammad Fazli Baharuddin, Shamila Mohamed Shuhidan, Fitri Mutia, Helmy Prasetyo Yuwinanto, Ragil Tri Atmi, Tri Soesantari (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
